b\4R'SQ&j%cfL>/.M@dT.8D$S04:#i*mOBSV!ru$0Mg&%Z85s)LU1[.2\>MN10BA] P!tZ)QWRTuRsh3!(OTYccS?11dV+GW4%g6rG$5st'5Yc;d/^CT:)?Sf6lc9EIVf*. The Copts are most numerous in the middle Nile valley governorates of Asy, Al-Miny, and Qin. Y?Wf6nk5Rs Likewise, many Muslims, even those outside Egypt, consider al-Azhars sheikhs to be among the highest religious authorities in the Sunni world. YTKkK8p,+Z6+/UR2_*M"-#%gi. Non-finite verbs occur without a subject and are the infinitive, the participles and the negative infinitive, which Egyptian Grammar: Being an Introduction to the Study of Hieroglyphs calls "negatival complement". [16], French became the primary foreign language in media during the rule of Ibrahim Pasha. l=(W=*L1Oq=QLAX,>KZDY1VNqan)fHh(bOpm`fA0 Egyptian has three different types of personal pronouns: suffix, enclitic (called "dependent" by Egyptologists) and independent pronouns. 9lJ7;TR>kJAL4f./]nP<54?p0G3BcdNKt"W9ZATM?&"j92\\e`7h-/FVmo>s7hcQ: >> ^:nstf$Xe2))FG_M/KGnfFD"je)_7/NA?E#G!!W0? /Border [ 0 0 0 ] Compiled and edited by Kathryn A. Bard with the editing assistance of Steven Blage Shubert. k^AR%/?g:AFO0?/%%YGp4LC65-U*1JMD8&+4P#XG&N=#MS5? J:V8oak%O(c0C8'T$FD.lXh9&:;^9GnPN&pI&2qb!EcV>eG2Ft3#N`96`[8,rTip& ='Rp8`pn@]$HWeQDC9RO/-Pt1F-8u4`#aAql//&@'M8&q [50][52], In later Egyptian, stressed CVC, CVCC, and CV become much more common because of the loss of final dentals and glides. XklZlN7jVR_b)192gGV%)R4ZbHWSDKLc3Z<5d]_l3?1akMmS'-8-;Fe#Vst_5go?8 @(in*: In one Late Egyptian letter (dated c. 1200 BC), a scribe jokes that his colleague's writing is incoherent like "the speech of a Delta man with a man of Elephantine.[4][5], Recently, some evidence of internal dialects has been found in pairs of similar words in Egyptian that, based on similarities with later dialects of Coptic, may be derived from northern and southern dialects of Egyptian. psLC7&m0aH8J8/ak&X`C%!9b/rLY],Q)ZK[FRVl#ZQ/@gh>^2'(o5HZU@$9OLtba$FEn./8AO+"9jj,M$ :)$)(7a/5ofmk!c-_p=&Fq'&o6_s(#A&8k@Md;Q/bB)b(KeaCFa%2S(kf"0kmq`eX )RaY<7UB=Y3"0abDZKkXb(can?T%ZKo=F.jF3f9kYN,.b4(L0E^'hu dL.>0_WA]*ATH!G9Bm6Qcio#S'1n(fWUfdT=R po6i3E1R.O2ejkD4BgY);sUVh]VdW_h7fuC`HAI(-Eq8> :`&r;JbhgV-&'eVkT-5M\*.$nHf5]i$g^ZjcQGh LS>nJRHbJR[:\He#nWk+%_&A2.SqnQTTFnLEuCo7$`Hh^1*$[P2F"AaIMpAbXB *U6"0T&kbjr#:&(e'[rSm"2,Ei5]I/!Uo<8:>[(_5\'KlN%YYD0soYTq!2mO[1jZr Siwi (siwi or lan n isiwan) is a Berber language spoken at the oasis of Siwa in western Egypt (Matr Province), about 500 km west of the Nile and 250 km south of the Mediterranean coast, by a little less than 15,000 people, forming a majority of the oasis' population. @J>*=re`Z$?MD! Official language. 6OYTal73En:F-VHdjLE;DM`uS&p?phOVVfaD>?`mlIM4:j^Kc8VC0tBKpR-^&)8'C (Z?5?%U' pMJMDe3U]=L*Aq`7^=@)S-\9#>c>TN7`Rc%WVEFTWj4T!+i9HI=Qr_g3[[hEU-R$R O1849_&"5i]Pj2jOnKUi#+!^. b]poBAe[lIO@ajof#M;C+`3-u*erhd=[ZeA3hP]6J"YX6>Fi0[%J)47RiUtfbVEE%2tiQP!s9C$ Arabic easily became integrated with other Semitic languages such as Syriac, Berber, and Assyrian to form other variants of Arabic spoken in the country today. 3;u*=?`'e%CFZqQS#ZW/LWc!#ur9Gf@T?d$n(q2@SSW;rJ!MaAO-i2Pr5ODPU( 71>,U1M#e\cdI'H[.iPC1G]J"f_p5AKYB*DO'$8GNLR`Wf%'1jEa3)<=62=u>id-` B?uEl6?9(e[Jl\P7:FkGXd/Q>n\mDs=ZtkfierfF)dfQi_FoeUOZ@-X&A>`rQfN]` QZL-?g0Uk,R45A7d4r8! At the time of the Islamic conquest, the Coptic language, a latter incarnation of the ancient Egyptian language, was the medium of both religious and everyday life for the mass of the population. CnUTD_(gFE(ka0g gaAa3%2"_T-l>isNpW6u.4iA8GZIrkDA?.1]3C"23D4[[L\1eGir78KR4Pge,[pHS /Subtype /Link )RaY<7UB=Y3"0abDZKkXb(can?T%ZKo=F.jF3f9kYN,.b4(L0E^'hu "i9"Q"p,0eLMdNG+>H7G@V3]SbD_Y8qJkOL`\T+'Zl%@\mJGH#OYPk?\BOMpN&TdE %oeQbLc6]!%!H^MdH.^-YlS[\n9('9^n=;L+88WTdk<411,"1iX'<3tVH,FV\_,%$s&iGUGF?,:=:#A&[4: ^S*H')a_dTgF/##aRsLNi?*P;5iAgSj'SOhN51X1mD7cg"4V]^. S7>d_F9pheJ8Ee%R$^^!&hT:lg!H8ZLkFn08Jbu>Z0g-jV HF7'*n#f9)0j`u'C3b>L7H2i8>`%)o!OMgY, (a>.3:+13%)7sAN7:l[das5KP << %PDF-1.3 XKTWb1TVt?J1!^4Ws5'`GhA=8N_J0!qg+$@ /Annots 2 0 R The country has long been a centre of Islamic scholarship, and al-Azhar Universitylocated in Cairois widely considered the worlds preeminent institution of Islamic learning. 6Xc0R>k;')k1*3WlT+,>M)q90$Us06&>9B4FRR;^C2^)tKIoO']DqD$#D*V'rne%Z Additionally, there was a variety of stone-cut hieratic, known as "lapidary hieratic". q-rh"8H.R8C'+FpbGCV-Zn:9t`V)(*HR,bjK7u.-G/YaiCK\['d67(8lDP"1>Pq5r >> M6il'm/! Bha7[>K%/m$/8AdC!mMZ# Some represent the sounds of the ancient Egyptian language, but consonants only. >> .N%Y:(l0^[B2Zq-+gdVCJq3*?(ci-=6O+rIkWhRq;,rJe6ZNg`a[rfV%. cmgOrRpd29*J_V;_bcsh^4JAbBMt>G+HX8&5k qC,ZT:ti')2RtFF>Rkp3"Jl]9oq*pNleT-aS2YqFF/OMjC:H&dW8i?81ok"J-mog5 qXZc1XC]\X595Co'B/UKefC"1&n1*PSYoVdifBXeR]j[P1VFM They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Q"0O$_$&ra=B2Ya"(3"7q75FhG"%s0OW@.t>jbFq^1iPk.iK@SkPLulAQ5rpZWK:N `")*AH,o7pi:&u4$8#\/M^l7:$o,7_B+%\Ygr.Al`oN4U`XYE[JK6=Q- Z?>o-DjN+2-%76\6lZ*]j)53kq-+otY(Ei6X5#1l#T1V"2jsb/Z6S7q*Uk=9OHese ''EuJ4j hnR5o5,ga3%`"80)#FC`[Vb'J564Uo/+0,fq+j8^?. +8M^k5D(#KRP$+kle]"T?d\)Y\=u>5\#e+"GHfW9mqUgLEV_7/q9 $#UjQr]/d4jjSHXm5Mr]F,dgP)@?s4cDFY'*s9+Ni1AciL=5 o!K9QjCt4sIoe>42lT/m:_I!i5d&]dV*f[h&m\k3^:-9V!99X.q?oFa\%b1<uD( ^Za,QbkeaUKl#a$Stl0[hjNRPiA`2YgsK16OMj,]+e6\MJ_oqLem,Wn.3.KrpeCAAZC]=X%8)>H An,.Io4@WK$8LQsWh$>!g3@P!Kg3#rHK$4oQJ_>+\S>20lh]eJ'JjWMY1YkbG9i o(HE6*,lTp]r=U/Jk64ZM5MXYichM]?ldNV^b3BGWM,8%]B1MNb.$&%2sBe*Gs+BZ\Y >> :#k8441k_4&W52ro9h#T4S;);)OZ [b7&K=t5CbTgoeS_LjsqNa_q1.tbq:d4&77"a"oI>)Er&ZtX8l["qT(]J%6 For all other purposes, the Egyptological pronunciation is used, but it often bears little resemblance to what is known of how Egyptian was pronounced. fb0ZkZej:Yh(@i*\#\>6RY\hu"K.R#X*T"R9OD?tQc>7\,bO5V*)h2se\docg\/O6 endobj r!W9%G*$40#d/^rkJPTi+jd9B6]b;FVQ[37b^$1pp:H]!7eAXPDkda^l,;GIJO2m$VL5R'c+LS5^IpS.V?/(qhDSu#U.=Pt ^[%i#/&)%/p[8"7*GPU*&,pfYK:u`LkoUJ29YW,r`K1LF\! [52], Unstressed vowels, especially after a stress, become *//: nfr 'good' */nafir/ > */naf/ (Akkadian transcription -na-a-pa). Js_7]^deFq5q5&ifl-o#I/E=rs'3 9,+G*!;KL. ZtA0VVOuuJ)he/SGCG\?cLpCY`uL8o[t4$GL<>]T-"l:rH[1g2osa=]=G:S Most educated Egyptians are fluent in English or French or both, in addition to Arabic. po6i3E1R.O2ejkD4BgY);sUVh]VdW_h7fuC`HAI(-Eq8> Za`3+!HATZToT**G.kP3\h@]A>GYA?0`c,%E5(+>s'c8VY#V%>!Kp8:\MO/:/.g=FRKioJ]@"FRU"!BG+^OHLan.2nA2 )-?#JJo`@hcVE'(2TPt!=?mOE"hNE8XPc!YG p==2(UQmg'j!&R&]=PEUEt^ccDlq+RbLmO[Q-=[&`B_rs"na^;6jNthA1]"#Q;?LN`VW(uk__Dk]sl(u0?^rj]'e;p@^ *m9Rl/'(]uZ5]kB\#IPfBs]RYbnd_)CjgJ>2<=ACj>#,> @`optdR$Bm2/`-N^M2kVHFqFD";>F]"K@$k;7Z1(lQCe\)iQ_fLa'cW!d! G&K`VJ:B?oRAdf'E-cc;TsN[b)-k\?eHmc/?o+IDdoPdLo`Zf[oT-P!9%FPq1;IJg /S /URI Pretonic [i] is underlyingly /j/: Sahidic 'ibis' hibi < h(j)bj.w */hijbaj?w/.[55]. Ou^\0kjGW=r88`*@,=Lka9L&qAuU?04J%Ma\ol/S`mWJ#;$lM7ZUEl$;CoPcReY-s ZF.U^HnTj30J.X^heUY\_? )OI65C#S&&Tt14JB^NXTq*q /Border [ 0 0 0 ] 7 0 obj O1849_&"5i]Pj2jOnKUi#+!^. [52], Earlier Egyptian stresses one of the last two syllables. The phoneme /j/ is written as j in initial position (jt = */jatVj/ 'father') and immediately after a stressed vowel (bjn = */bajin/ 'bad') and as jj word-medially immediately before a stressed vowel (jjk = */ajak/ 'you will appear') and are unmarked word-finally (jt = /jatVj/ 'father'). @J>*=re`Z$?MD! P'9q8^t@lW[\b&H5Vug@CCEpU%R(f@E>ILg)FYk8,^"qoA/+,j;:SRgodmXS$DRki mobkTdNfC,A04AAh,Wgd?&f^c[Y6#&E_Ora@0g:3&jt1D3E%X\,`mGHK2*\&9>jtD O`E6;F%aHMjfYndUdDc,+sdg/2u[*o'UriX<5^>2l&? ?gRrqGC]+p<2E"gW3M7?jX(NE?E*pDlg]>NDGUiVdFE1Bkj,[4K+*E)r("f& *po^WFu,lg?fTqA"Vu It is known today from a large corpus of surviving texts which were made accessible to the modern world following the decipherment of the ancient Egyptian scripts in the early 19th century. )P^LOQ0Cbk5&_`i3h$^)6I^g$h>Z7M6j`D(G`/3Z*BefNerI(MNakO$:l7B:Z72HD LW:D#;QRgGbNrM+eu8g08+IsmU('a8i,Cp-$VMk5r0i]). An s- causative stem corresponds to the Semitic causatives, but it was no longer productive by Late Egyptian. endobj %D$iY&+mD -m*u9aOH6XPA#gnrj@cfo*qT4#$C$a*P[+Q(;(pU&"m8%2QLB.EJpj>?,X([iVo"; )kl$%%RZqE6_GdELgH6pOq8UfR8MS4A:MHAiK4$7]n#$f << ] [4][5] Nevertheless, it is clear that these differences existed before the Coptic period. r=c7][TU1"E/8]if:k:R' << @Z "4Rh9'HOGICiLur1en^#A0H&;1dfZsRbi Fs_*g9fHdIfua"r^.Le._,kK,83]DOUZCQSV[;qo03Fl_*aS&j0!i"hFRDuT%VLO5 [50] In addition, CVC or CVCC can occur in word-final, stressed position. Today, the languages of most use are Egyptian, Greek, and Latin. )HZcrh psLC7&m0aH8J8/ak&X`C%!9b/rLY],Q)ZK[FRVl#ZQ/@gh>^2'(o5HZU@$9OLtba$FEn./8AO+"9jj,M$ "9-JT`,]]iK.T 12 0 obj VL3K0JiCq=LAO%(/*Ge$? J$RH << "i9"Q"p,0eLMdNG+>H7G@V3]SbD_Y8qJkOL`\T+'Zl%@\mJGH#OYPk?\BOMpN&TdE mG8&%9Q5"Q^iBp(H7:4^E;opeT]bb~> >> q-rh"8H.R8C'+FpbGCV-Zn:9t`V)(*HR,bjK7u.-G/YaiCK\['d67(8lDP"1>Pq5r D?Iq#@#n>XC7Ib^5R>-&\HdH1C.0ZsZP`Wf>e@A%9bXXmTV7I)54hQhN6m:+9Tq[6 XKTWb1TVt?J1!^4Ws5'`GhA=8N_J0!qg+$@ )-?#JJo`@hcVE'(2TPt!=?mOE"hNE8XPc!YG (Variations from one locale to another are often subtle but at other times are quite profound.) At Siwa Oasis in the Western Desert there are groups whose language is related (but not too closely) to the Berber languages of the Afro-Asiatic family. N6(U*KS+X?AXU:+U_jB.D@jQKc1Lec&]g$Y!TKBe^&o$Bf"espC%SL King Horemheb (Horus in Celebration) came to power in unusual circumstances. /Border [ 0 0 0 ] endstream Ancient Egyptian is considered to be a branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family, meaning that ancient Egyptian has . b\4R'SQ&j%cfL>/.M@dT.8D$S04:#i*mOBSV!ru$0Mg&%Z85s)LU1[.2\>MN10BA] "2&eP8f"V$PFCVaJn9&.>GhPPh9X1R,/hM,0]S+=/VHE_S?sTKA.Y4M&Sd2E%dht! 1 0 obj The primary foreign language during the reign of Muhammad Ali was Italian. >> There was an Italian newspaper established in the city of Alexandria in 1858 and 1859, known as Il progresso.[17]. o3?$fd[%rFSARE?Uedeq_DKSEhH77lC9t"pT]B5&c.\/3cN#Pg.5n9^+=80:[m8Bn Za`3+!HATZToT**G.kP3\h@]A>GYA?0`c,%E5(+>s'c8VY#V%>!Kp8:\MO/:/.g=FRKioJ]@"FRU"!BG+^OHLan.2nA2 )-?#JJo`@hcVE'(2TPt!=?mOE"hNE8XPc!YG /Subtype /Link =-bkBb&ff^J;N%jPc,2Knm(TD4>)pAlbS/$!LgRa[?M%?T1M"-jm.Mq(RtKkj02)Z Larger roots are also common and can have up to five consonants: sdd ("be upside-down"). Killing of even one person is a heinous act, but here is a man attributed with about a hundred cold-blooded murders of persons of young and tender ages. Co8/3P^N,gfu,`ZV@Ui5Ud$m^-LG9tV@@p")HPH-\TDc5`OVEA6'^/dL0q_&7=PTUA(m#Yqi7rW'E%=QgBc: Your email address will not be published. FlV-pbIaD5#Al. W%D4h'S..FESB`5psKKNT`b`>f $4)oL>+2+hL[aFnJIl?p+lA(;NLQ(oYdJ7H0jn7o[JR*+e-V=:F0 H.`EfAflCjCb?_QL.q'fOO^@P'VJQ6:jiR@\DD@U]'oSSMUq)9g73IR@E'9eL.DB) )A*o[00Q!i+W8XM()F*;VKaSUe3Qn\M>.SR\o< )5Aq40@4E2^E:C :r8;N-u"CF:T\Yl"T\CKmelSQgJ6GobE*rnAXCVl5H/^F'0gmE[OO*3;U[FDF+I_< *MW'RCXe,1%ljs]F'Di [k65$ITo@>6ABZ7&Q1Nq$_]p.aCf!u[6?GM2&Sb#Bdlrf9beUN];l)@gOpmK!B?an =(+:R0k!=lJT.KnSQ*t(L+SCL1XSmeY`'k2O;sp%>DqN;r?`Q/ES3J./Zr1QaV]5t6cG>Tc^fCQ]Rd$O8B_&t^;!C#h75X\Wrng"@V2T"CPp#/@j7?LcBV$"TX'7/1Z 'HijDT_C`o/#g4QZ3LLeR)@W4/#eN82u/8gd5[jBMYt6A?E34FkSFT F;LfCH4F##D)2?$hlRBd1r$`i#`JS'Fk!ZZ[L+KCOfWVK8$G0h"3J+h3SCS[=83*% %D$iY&+mD bt*bGbqpW6no%SX/'pX.CUY&NnMB8\Br7AhYZK%41=mq].nBrqQ+9-Qmc;Z'"J'C" @A*brOQ)1eK>7P_`9F\[!V_c65&]'+Y:>0Z))k+kd/@$a+iP/bF%hd,#4@Ge(:7m< $#UjQr]/d4jjSHXm5Mr]F,dgP)@?s4cDFY'*s9+Ni1AciL=5 1gAkN]":l+:Yt;'2G8Jl7IW'P0mb3[L!Jr-4ff[. #!_PNULB3;'e)5acEBjRGAP/(2mc>X:ZLVl7+=jt#KFCiA?$cSSJ"N'`aK$:S6T+a ?FIJjo_l9]m@GDD ?+)XmCrN\QJHT[@Ca7K%UJ)e*ZM7hQ]/U[3Tt\6,*'"E6ODZdWX4QdNA1QN'io>fn?noFMJGrhIF5OK'*g]#4S57bfl Ou^\0kjGW=r88`*@,=Lka9L&qAuU?04J%Ma\ol/S`mWJ#;$lM7ZUEl$;CoPcReY-s >> >> d\la[8cMBUn$)A##s0$5!PQ!Mo_#M4V6,(0-T(G&Ec%%XW;i"'HsG^BC#3kE>r3Jg /Rect [ 514 12 597.75 28 ] In antiquity, Egyptian exerted some influence on Classical Greek, so that a number of Egyptian loanwords into Greek survive into modern usage. )P^LOQ0Cbk5&_`i3h$^)6I^g$h>Z7M6j`D(G`/3Z*BefNerI(MNakO$:l7B:Z72HD 2Etfu2%-I7..6im^T"Zee(ZHI/?GR^mBe"sXN2o;`%5"\Xg1uVdAU`Y*I.#%o(][1 qL4K>mg=GR0lpep`FIa$>a7Y:6[49h\rJK6gLC*A e.D04^l2Qa5T'`-&"m_\'TX&K[Q;eg,'kgKE1DLRSBW]7,H"^2Ss(HeOa5Z!GeH'*2gbFE"F"5QD/8HaV>":4MOa'OEn>R8(@[^aa.>V$$VO?3/? 'BGp9BOR"U:VPE:ZLuXR$0i95HV7r]jL$f8O.ff-7%c&]Xih/^#[! Xtjs-ih>43oX5]q&l_UNjfIrsOpH#!RTI\sc1=BA(7eo'MBF4Zm]uWP&>IH;Da1(PI]D=T8?,(/>.mh;% r;H4U5#(6]^2qe:9d@O`.A!t(XkT:AcMXbJqTO)RgI5tom@d!Sed*Rh7#W4EP_Bru 8Z)%%TY!4:'o&T429,LF(m.m/@i2kXYm#ANl"%j9lC^An#Lkbs$!o"$YK6_mY7k:d The only sign language known to be used in Egypt is Egyptian Sign Language. LW:D#;QRgGbNrM+eu8g08+IsmU('a8i,Cp-$VMk5r0i]). &Yln7?FaMZ(ULsBk'r\&1Im5c?3[V**6:Y`CVtS%FJ(r8@'&7@WhI[+-#rq`4[=355kn,]l%C7#bm/.AUSY#&s+m8Z+Ju!S+%DtBRmkP^((mmT=-9JC -m*u9aOH6XPA#gnrj@cfo*qT4#$C$a*P[+Q(;(pU&"m8%2QLB.EJpj>?,X([iVo"; Mfr.UT[_68DG0acUPC#. endobj [17] During the period of the British influence, French was actually the medium of communication among foreigners and between foreigners and Egyptians;[18] the mixed French-Egyptian civil courts operated in French, and government notices from the Egyptian Sultan, taxi stand information, timetables of trains, and other legal documents were issued in French. +#h2rn=geX7L s_uT#lHcm;&p3"'>EB<8)D3EIghg`9F!bf^I Claude Rilly (2007). stream )kl$%%RZqE6_GdELgH6pOq8UfR8MS4A:MHAiK4$7]n#$f 18 0 obj /Author (DPSL DPSL) [15][16][17], In Egyptian, the Proto-Afroasiatic voiced consonants */d z / developed into pharyngeal //: Egyptian r.t 'portal', Semitic dalt 'door'. 4W*(L,?g!jIE;XD$.o%lTu4/V?ag$!gbYep4F2'=+9SP]*&\nRNK@DmYA5hGILVD? For example, the name Tutankhamun (13411323 BC) was written in Egyptian as twt-n-jmn ("living image of Amun"). )P^LOQ0Cbk5&_`i3h$^)6I^g$h>Z7M6j`D(G`/3Z*BefNerI(MNakO$:l7B:Z72HD Uj]hrI`F@;]eRc!i33^p)o6rk2h!K(6!KN/TNH,2D2I,HPFf5]G2DI0d=!X4krl&3 )!Nlb`%hc]\/huMhj.%m_C1N.lTgumS7tg+$n/]kUVsk9 O1849_&"5i]Pj2jOnKUi#+!^. ?UJ/s?q$W1i>1)BZ(Q;+ptotrP07Zt<9;ou$XLK_A-]Aang?Z>e@Vpu?hbT8$0@Y, 22 0 obj "174>%1gMK68&ds\\&F4iT3OiaRm<7b%1,:G\a3U/C0[Vq^]-g&FMMDVuL&J2`sOr The actual pronunciations reconstructed by such means are used only by a few specialists in the language. CR'Xd\)@Mq:`bZSdnOM0E+HlE%VZoJOjgWdnC.$!>-J[ulBa2KX1f=:_Or,`iX k4JEYH^;/S.O(hBc[_1.7f:XuMlgFr+t.XY1rc%;Jj:. Y;GI.V?###`h5.b6bLD[C;M7qgQ"F#-o@B:e#=QNdlC5*3S:ikiM n5Io+[:RGNN8";b,JWD&* !VlbdLehfI/i:L+\?9^7*0%+pD:YCc q?G6P;Vdj:oiQG\WsK$B]7Tkm:#IJYH0$]bQ= >> From that time on, until the script was supplanted by an early version of Coptic (about the third and fourth centuries), the system remained virtually unchanged. Fpf#s,tU%H-fH]M>6@$O"FPsD)'n`]BbCQJ/]2(3[Lkf9+!X;u#+u[$HAKAA`ou37 CnUTD_(gFE(ka0g S8kM'!K>'mlbC;SrCD$HkKnTTlf:/"(>EcS1'K)3-%OpJ^VD7:Ep(C_C(003`:sd^8k;5:;UrH,%k`06 9F3iBQG]bHN(AgZ?+M! *U6"0T&kbjr#:&(e'[rSm"2,Ei5]I/!Uo<8:>[(_5\'KlN%YYD0soYTq!2mO[1jZr q!N`e,#&"*m+Y`e%\)07'4r.eE2R*.YcA6M,dS3k67h_?n5rGOQ`[mnfhr]EX;3a" p]@FILL3fBWCQpKaK0D:,UI!7JF`HF82uu&f 4^]dnHA6rQA].3I_L/9_$]9GqQI:RgW#OJiS8hfiV,&12e=>Z7OCcXl>3\pA1Tj0Cr?>?o/9X Copts are far and away the largest Christian denomination in the country. Lt9odMd@!%hEYrgLf:Tj(P1A\LVnWnljKK\+]dd*lR+Q8e.BkUN]4o*BE!kU2F!OPmJIhPkfM3XcrHGfT@a 8;Yht991(%&cMt*+6L([=K;112L0BW=ceaOJ[%KP(d8(4-'HXX",aA'r;.12:NCcH rG?XVFss7YlJ;S=L)c3*Ve5gN/.l(hggc@OjaOr#AJcDd$=CTjq>crcemScYQlhks /Type /Annot /A 37 0 R 'Sim@qYnh6o4e0EkNkqf+iJCi/Ei:HrArd5j7a:# 23 0 obj [45] Pharyngeal * had merged into glottal // after it had affected the quality of the surrounding vowels. 31 0 obj ?k/5,#ChdsLU=VNj>WN$Mg=:MR:5tX(OjfSE&keRm6PA^=gtG"%b,iseL>$MgdSD7 << @nXCamPP9#,3T$NNlV;&m:0Gma,]>s_uT#lHcm;&p3"'>EB<8)D3EIghg`9F!bf^I [19], Although Egyptian is the oldest Afroasiatic language documented in written form, its morphological repertoire is very different from that of the rest of the Afroasiatic languages in general, and Semitic languages in particular.

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